Opinion | The Last Jewish Partisan Fort | History | Blaming the Victims | Germany
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AI is no replacement for original historical research. But AI is a good place to start compiling a list from well-known and widely available published sources. This was the first result of a query about the names of known Jewish partisans who spent part of their time during the Holocaust at the Rūdninkai (Rudnitsker) Jewish partisan fort in Lithuania.
Its survival is now imminently threatened by the arrival of Germany’s Panzerbrigade 45, which is situated, as fate would have it, adjacent to this last relic of Jewish partisan resistance in Lithuania. The Panzerbrigade’s infrastructure (barracks building, road creation, deforestation, no-access days because of shooting practice, signs warning people away, building workers’ partying). Since Solveig Grothe’s article in Der Spiegel last June, part of the ensuing discussion in Lithuanian social media, and a few mainstream media articles, has included far-right talking points along the lines of “there were no Jewish partisans, this was all a Soviet invention after the war for propaganda purposes” (among other typical history-revisionist claims).
Somewhat analogous sentiments have been officially declared by Lithuania’s Culture Ministry (which is responsible for whether a site counts as a heritage site worthy of preservation) in its replies to the media over the last six months. Panzerbrigade 45’s lavish PR has not to date mentioned the existence of the Jewish partisan fort that abuts it, though it has engaged in extensive “Jewish cred” work, all of it laudable, including scrubbing old gravestones in cemeteries elsewhere, doing photo-ops with the head of the Jewish museum on its roof, and participating in the state’s Holocaust memorial day commemoration on September 23rd.
Here, merely as a starting point, is AI’s response, unedited. Hopefully the relevant history institutions internationally will now rise to the occasion of developing and documenting the list of Jewish Holocaust survivors (whose families were all massacred) who survived the war by joining the partisans and spent part of their time as fighters at the Rūdninkai / Rudnitsker base.
It is the only surviving remnant of the Jewish anti-Nazi resistance in Lithuania.
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Numbered Rūdninkai / Rudnitsker Partisan Working Roster
A
1. Abramovich, Shlomo — [3, 10]. Born 1914; named in the Kovno account’s order for six fallen partisans [3]; also in the Lexicon [10, p. 42].
2. Abramowicz, Dina — [1a].
3. Abramowicz, Eijahu — [1a].
4. Abramowicz, Mira — [1a].
5. Aharonovich, Hillel — [†].
6. Alter, Isaac — [1a].
7. Ancel, Yehoshua — [†].
8. Anglenik, [given name unrecorded] — [2]. Named among three armed arrivals from Vilna on 3 November 1943; no given name appears there.
9. Anglik, Moshe — [1a].
10. Aranowicz, Aaron — [1a, 2, 10]. Born in Vilna in 1914, according to the Lexicon [10, p. 45].
11. Aranowicz, Eli — [1a].
12. Aranowicz, Shlomo — [1a].
B
13. Bagranski, Pohi — [1a].
14. Barancowski, Micha — [1a].
15. Baron, Sioma — [1a].
16. Bart, Leizer — [1a].
17. Bart-Lewinson, Zenia — [1a].
18. Bastomski, Mitia — [1a].
19. Beker, Shlomo — [1a].
20. Bekker, Edvarda — [†].
21. Belkin, Misha (Moishe) — [3]. Commissar of the Vladas Baronas group, established in January 1944.
22. Belkind, Jacob — [1a].
23. Ben-Osher, Israel — [1a].
24. Berman, Chaim — [3]. Young Kovno partisan described in the railway sabotage chapter.
25. Bernstein, Leon Dr. — [1a].
26. Bernstein-Scheinbaum, Pesia — [1a, 33].
27. Bielic, Isaac — [1a].
28. Bielic, Joesph — [1a]. Spelling as given in Bart’s list.
29. Bielic, Zisla — [1a].
30. Bigsun, Pesach — [1a].
31. Bilbinder, Berta — [1a].
32. Bilbinder, Motl — [1a].
33. Birger, Yudl — [3]. Named in the Kovno account’s railway operations and base chapters.
34. Bliacher, Jacob — [1a].
35. Bloch, Shimen — [3]. Credited with railway sabotage in the Kovno account.
36. Borkan, Josl — [3]. Named among the leaders of an April 1944 escape from the Kaishiadoris camp to the Rūdninkai partisans.
37. Borowska, Chiena — [1a].
38. Boruch, Itzik — [3].
39. Brand, Masha — [1a].
40. Brand, Shlomo — [1a, 2].
41. Breslin, Scholom — [1a].
42. Brik, Matvei (Mordechai) — [†].
43. Brown, Zvi — [4]. Member of the Hashomer Hatzair circle recalled by Dov Levin at the camp.
44. Burstein-Shapiro, Yafa — [†].
45. Bursztejn, Mendi — [1a].
46. Bursztejn, Sonia — [1a].
47. Bursztejn, Zewke — [1a].
C
48. Celnik, Abraham — [†].
49. Celnik, Natan — [1a, 2].
50. Celnik, Pola — [1a].
51. Cement, Rachel — [1a].
52. Chas, Pela — [†].
53. Chejfec, Mirocha — [1a].
D
54. Daich, Mendl — [3].
55. Debeltov, Doba (Dora) — [1a].
56. Didialis-Schmidt, Iser — [1a, 2].
57. Diskant, Riva — [3]. Named among the forest medical workers.
58. Dogim, Isaac — [1a].
59. Drewiacki, Melach — [1a].
60. Drewiacki, Schmul — [1a].
61. Druc, Nathan — [1a].
62. Druzgenik, Berl — [1a].
E
63. Eidelman, Yudl — [3].
64. Endlin, Nechemia — [3, 4]. Guide for groups reaching the base from Kovno.
65. Epstein, Moshe — [1a].
66. Epstein, Rivka (Riva) — [1a, 3]. Surgical nurse at the base.
67. Epstein, Shmuel — [†].
68. Erlich, David — [1a].
69. Erlich, Esther — [1a].
F
70. Faitlson, Alter — [3].
71. Fajersztejn, Josef — [10]. Born in Poland in 1921; the Lexicon places him in Death to the Occupiers in Rūdninkai [p. 98].
72. Fajnberg, Sender — [1a].
73. Faust, Janek — [1a].
74. Faust, Rita — [1a].
75. Fejgelson, Ruza — [1a].
76. Fejkowski, Reuben — [1a].
77. Finkelstein-Schechter, Chwola — [1a].
78. Finkelztejn, Arie — [1a].
79. Finkelztejn, Cwi — [1a].
80. Friedman, Boria — [1a].
81. Friedman, Chasia — [1a].
G
82. Gafanovich, Aron — [3].
83. Galpern, Nachum — [1a].
84. Galpern, Tewke — [1a].
85. Ganelina, Beila — [3]. Called Bella Ganelina in the Kovno account, which names her on duty in Vilna in July 1944.
86. Gejwusz, Jacob — [1a].
87. Gekhtel, Hayim — [4]. Called Hayim Galeen in Dov Levin’s account; member of the Kovno Hashomer Hatzair group.
88. Gelblum, Tajbl — [1a].
89. Gelbtrunk-Itzhaki, Michael — [11]. Escaped from the Kovno ghetto and joined Death to the Occupiers.
90. Ghitlin, Israel — [3]. Printer who set up a partisan press.
91. Gigozhinski (Geguzinski), Isaac — [1a].
92. Gigozhinski (Geguzinski), Liza — [1a].
93. Gilis, S. — [†].
94. Glezer, Chawa — [1a].
95. Glezer, Gerchn — [1a].
96. Glezer, Mania — [1a].
97. Goberski (Guberski), Yosef — [1a].
98. Gol, Shlomo — [1a].
99. Goldberg, Motia — [3]. Born 1922; named in the Kovno account’s order for six fallen partisans.
100. Goldblat, Israel — [3].
101. Goldman, Leizer — [1a].
102. Goldman, Pola — [1a].
103. Goldstein, Kalman — [3].
104. Gopsztejn, Motl (Motke) — [1a].
105. Gordon, Izia — [1a].
106. Gordon (Stein), Peisach — [3]. Reported killed on the return from an operation in December 1943.
107. Gorfinkel, Emma — [1a].
108. Gorfinkel, Solia, Dr. — [1a].
109. Gorniec, Zelda — [1a].
110. Grinberg, Joseph — [1a].
111. Griner, Gerchn — [1a].
112. Grinwald, Dina — [1a].
113. Grodnik (Goffer), Barukh — [4]. Kovno contact with the Vilna Hashomer Hatzair circle.
114. Guberski, Lea — [1a].
115. Gurwicz, Grisha — [1a].
116. Gurwitz, Motke — [1a].
117. Gurwitz, Rachel — [1a].
H
118. Hamel (Zac), Lena (Helena) — [1b].
119. Harmatz, Joseph (Julek) — [1a].
120. Hempel (Gempel), Sara — [†].
121. Himeflarb, Alter — [1a].
J
122. Jacobson, Benjamin — [1a].
123. Jaszuner, Fejga — [1a].
124. Jaszuner, Jacob — [1a].
125. Jaszuner, Mirjam — [1a].
126. Jaszuner, Shlomo — [1a].
127. Jelin, Jacob — [1a].
128. Jocheles (Brantsovsky), Fania — [1a].
129. Joels (Joelson), Israel — [3].
130. Josl, Shmuel — [1a].
131. Juchnikov, Jitzik — [3]. Stonemason who helped provide a sauna at the base.
132. Jurkowski, Mendel — [1a].
133. Jurkowski, Mirjam — [1a].
134. Jutan, Genia — [1a].
K
135. Kagan, Hona (Chanan) — [3]. Did carpentry and building work at the base.
136. Kaplan, Helena — [†].
137. Kaplan, Ruth-Rikle — [†].
138. Kaplinski, Shmuel (Szmulka) — [2].
139. Karpins, Rivka — [†].
140. Kas, Lejzer — [1a].
141. Kasner, Codek — [1a].
142. Katz, Luba — [†].
143. Kave, Yankel — [4]. Guard at the camp entrance; also sang at evening gatherings.
144. Kejser, Chaim — [1a].
145. Kempner, Vitka — [1a, 2].
146. Kliachko, Perets — [3]. Named in the Kovno account’s bridge operation.
147. Koblenz, Katriel — [3].
148. Korczak, Ruszka — [1a, 4].
149. Kot, Boris (Beryl) — [†].
150. Kotler, Abraham — [1a].
151. Kovner, Abba — [1a, 2, 4]. Visited the Kovno group at its forest camp in April 1944, as Dov Levin recalls.
152. Kovner, Genia — [1a].
153. Kovner, Niuta — [1a].
154. Kowalski, Isaac — [1a].
155. Kowarski, Rachel — [1a].
156. Kowarski, Shlomo — [1a].
157. Koziol, Siomka — [1a].
158. Krakinovsky, Pinches — [3].
159. Krakowski, Tula (Tolia) — [1a].
160. Kramerman (Kremerman), Yehezkel — [1a].
161. Kremer, Alek — [1a].
162. Kresin, Musia — [1a].
163. Kronik, Israel — [1a].
164. Kulbak, Faiga — [†].
165. Kulkin, Isaac — [1a].
166. Kuperberg, Isaac — [1a].
167. Kuperberg, Tzipora (Milstein) — [†].
168. Kushkin, Jacob (Kuba) — [†].
169. Kuszinski, Yehuda — [1a].
170. Kwas, Szurka — [1a].
171. Kweskin, Shimon — [3].
L
172. Lam, Ze’ev — [1a].
173. Lazar, Chaim — [1a, 2].
174. Lerman, Sulamif — [3].
175. Levi, Yankel — [3].
176. Levin, David — [†].
177. Levin, Dov — [4]. First-person account of arrival and service in the forest.
178. Levin, Shulamit — [†].
179. Levin (Lewin), Benik — [1a, 2].
180. Levin (Lewin), Matityahu (Matys) — [1a, 2].
181. Levin-Mazia (Lewin-Maze), Chaya — [1a].
182. Levin-Svirsky, Bluma — [1a].
183. Lewin, Baruch — [1a].
184. Lewin, Chaim — [1a].
185. Lewin, Elijahu — [1a].
186. Lewin, Golda — [1a].
187. Lewin, Hirsh — [1a].
188. Lewin, Schlumka — [1a].
189. Lewin, Schmuel — [1a].
190. Lewin, Shlomo — [1a].
191. Lewin, Yechiel — [1a].
192. Lichtenstein, Tosia — [1b memorial only]. Bart’s separate memorial block mentions this name; it does not by itself establish arrival at the base.
193. Lichtenstein (Lichtenson), Meyer — [1a].
194. Lichtenstein (Lichtenson), Shoshana — [1a].
195. Lifshitz, Itzik — [3].
196. Lipenholz, Mitia — [1a].
197. Lipnovski-Aharonovich, Ella — [†].
198. Lopiansky, Boris (Boruch) — [3]. Born 1921; named in the Kovno account’s order for six fallen partisans.
199. Lubcianski, Israel — [1a].
200. Lubocki, Danka — [1a].
201. Lubocki, Imka — [1a].
202. Lubocki, Iser — [1a].
203. Luboki, Niusia — [1a].
204. Lukuber, Chaim — [1a].
205. Lukuber, Eta — [1a].
206. Lukuber, Zacharja — [1a].
207. Lusky (Luski), Shimon — [1a].
M
208. Magid, Batia — [1a].
209. Magid, Elchonon — [1a].
210. Margolis, Rachel — [18], her memoir A Partisan from Vilna.
211. Mariampoler, Moshe — [†].
212. Markeles, Nojmi — [1a].
213. Markowicz, Bluma — [1a].
214. Markowicz, Rachel — [1b memorial only]. Bart’s separate memorial block mentions this name; it does not by itself establish arrival at the base.
215. Martkovsky, Mikhail (Shmuel) — [3]. Born 1922; guide and scout named in the Kovno account.
216. Mas, Abraham — [1a].
217. Maze, Gita — [1a].
218. Mazia, Tova — [†].
219. Medzhebicka, Liuba — [†].
220. Meerov, Moishe — [3]. Railway saboteur described in the Kovno account.
221. Melamed, Bejla — [1a].
222. Melamed, Josef — [4]. Travelled with Dov Levin’s March 1944 group to the forest.
223. Mersik, Cemeret — [1a].
224. Mersik, Janek — [1a].
225. Meszy, Moshe — [1a].
226. Meyerov, Misha — [†].
227. Miasnik, Woolf — [3]. Named among the leaders of an April 1944 escape from the Kaishiadoris camp to the Rūdninkai partisans.
228. Miaszczanski, Abraham — [1a].
229. Miaszczanski, Eta — [1a].
230. Miaszczanski, Israel — [1a].
231. Miklishansky, Itzik — [3, 10]. Born in Kovno in 1923, according to the Lexicon [p. 66].
232. Miklishansky, Mendel — [10]. Born in Vilna in 1912; joined Za Pobedu in Rūdninkai, according to the Lexicon [p. 66].
233. Milikowski, Joel — [†]. The rescue account indicated under [29] is a further lead; the printed volume remains to be checked.
234. Milikowski, Melech — [1a].
235. Milikowski, Nechama — [†]. The rescue account indicated under [29] is a further lead; the printed volume remains to be checked.
236. Milikowski, Yankel — [†].
237. Milikowski, Yerachmeil — [1a].
238. Milner, Moshe — [3].
239. Milsztejn, Fejel’le — [1a].
240. Minikes, Micha — [1a].
241. Mirkin, Wolodia — [1a].
242. Mirski, Shraga — [10]. Born in Minsk in 1918; the Lexicon places him in the Rūdninkai forest [p. 66].
243. Mizerec, Pesach — [1a].
244. Mizerec, Sara — [1a].
245. Mostowicz, Isaac — [1a].
246. Mozes, Lazar (Eliezer) — [†].
247. Musnik, Joseph — [1a].
N
248. Nedvedka, Liuba — [†].
249. Nemzer (Nemser), Itzik (Schike) — [1a].
250. Niselowicz, Basia (Batia) — [1a].
251. Niselowicz, Berl — [1a].
252. Niselowicz, Nataniel (Senka) — [1a].
253. Nitlson, Gerchn — [1a].
O
254. Okuniew, Moshe, Dr. — [1a].
255. Olkenicki, Musja — [10]. Born in Koleliszki in 1905; cook in the Parkonas regiment, according to the Lexicon [p. 47].
256. Olkenicki, Shlomo — [10]. Born in Woronow in 1927; machine gunner, according to the Lexicon [p. 47].
P
257. Padisson, Hona — [3].
258. Padisson, Peretz — [3, 4]. Encountered by Dov Levin on his arrival at the camp.
259. Panausov (Peneusow), Abraham — [1a].
260. Panausov (Peneusow), Boria — [1a].
261. Panausov (Peneusow), Emma — [1a].
262. Panausov (Peneusow), Hanna (Anna) — [1a].
263. Panausov (Peneusow), Shmuel — [1a].
264. Papirmakher (Marshak), Nina (Mina) — [†].
265. Pasternak, Michael (Michl) — [3]. Machine gunner named in the Kovno account.
266. Perlsztejn, Motka — [1a].
267. Perlsztejn, Shmuel — [1a].
268. Pilovnik, Ida — [3].
269. Pilovnik, Tevie (Tuvia) — [3].
270. Plotnik, Efraim — [†]. The Milewski rescue case indicated under [29] is a lead; the printed volume remains to be checked.
271. Poczter, Joseph — [1a].
272. Poczter, Lejb — [1a].
273. Poczter, Rachel — [1a].
274. Pogeer, Gitta — [4]. Sang at camp gatherings and passed Kovner’s notebook to Dov Levin.
275. Prener, Jacob — [1a, 2].
276. Prutka, Aaron — [1a].
277. Pszewalski, Wanda — [1a].
278. Pushkarnik, Moishe — [3].
R
279. Rabinowicz, Abraham — [1a].
280. Rabinowicz, Reuben — [1a].
281. Rachel, Tamara — [1a]. Identification and name order require checking.
282. Ratner, Haim-Dovid — [3]. Commissar of the Forward group, established in March 1944.
283. Ratner, Yankl — [3].
284. Reichman, Moshe — [†].
285. Resel, Abrasha — [2]. Named as A. or Abrasza Resel in the operations diary.
286. Reznik, Jochewed — [1a].
287. Rindzunski, Senia — [1a].
288. Ring, Natek — [1a, 2].
289. Rodzewicz, Moniek — [1a].
290. Roitbart (Rojtbord), Nisan — [1a].
291. Rosin, Josef — [4]. Played harmonica at the camp, as recalled by Dov Levin.
292. Roziewicz, Maks — [10].
293. Rozow, Israel — [1a, 10]. Born in Vilna in 1912; the Lexicon places him in the Bourba unit [p. 178].
294. Rubin, Tewke — [1a].
295. Rubinson, Mikhail — [3]. The Kovno account’s given-name form needs comparison with the original.
296. Rubinson, Sara — [3].
297. Rubinsztejn, Note — [1a].
298. Rudaszewski, Nachum — [1a].
299. Rudnicki, Rachel — [12], a photograph caption rather than a personnel record.
300. Rudnik, Batia — [1a].
301. Rundbaken, Abraham — [1a].
S
302. Sabrin, Abraham — [1a].
303. Safar, Dorka — [1a].
304. Sakir, Rachel — [1a].
305. Sakir, Zalman — [1a].
306. Saperstein (Sapirsztejn), Leibel (Avraham-Aryeh) — [1a].
307. Sarchan, Moshe — [†].
308. Sarchan, Pesach — [1a].
309. Schneider, Masha — [†].
310. Sedlis, Gabik — [1a].
311. Senderowicz, Sender — [1a].
312. Shapira-Lazar (Szpiro), Chaya — [1b, 2].
313. Sher, Leib — [3]. Set up a workshop to repair weapons at the base.
314. Sherman, Moshe — [†].
315. Sheyfer, Grisha — [4]. Named in the Kovno Hashomer Hatzair group departing for the forest on 5 February 1944.
316. Shilin, Shachno — [3].
317. Shmuilova, Haia — [3].
318. Shub (Szub), Baruch — [1b].
319. Slawin, Ze’ev — [1a].
320. Smoliakov, Girsh — [3]. Worked on copying maps at the forest headquarters.
321. Solonojc, Jehudith — [1a].
322. Soltz (Solc), Chaim — [1a].
323. Soltz (Solc), Hanna — [1a].
324. Soltz (Solc), Micha — [1a].
325. Streliz, Ester — [3].
326. Stricianski, Moshe — [1a].
327. Strom, Zundl (Sundl) — [3].
328. Susnitsky, Jakov — [4]. Named in the Kovno Hashomer Hatzair group departing for the forest on 5 February 1944.
329. Svirsky, Chaim — [10]. Born in Zuprany in 1906; joined the Free Lithuania group, according to the Lexicon [p. 82].
330. Svirsky (Swirski), David — [1a].
331. Svirsky (Swirski), Mina — [1a].
332. Swicki, Schmuel — [1a].
333. Szames, Motl — [1a].
334. Szelkman, Chaim — [1a].
335. Szeroszeniewski, Berl — [1a].
336. Szmerkowicz, Yekosiel — [1b].
337. Szmerkowicz, Yisrolick — [1b].
338. Szotan, Moshe — [1b].
339. Szotan, Pesach — [1b].
340. Szpiro, Batia — [1b].
341. Szpiro, Schmuel — [1b].
342. Szpiro-Bernstein, Sheyndl — [1b].
343. Sztul, Janek — [1b].
344. Sztul, Matia — [1b].
345. Szwarc, Abraham — [1b].
346. Szwarc, Isaac — [1b].
347. Szwarc, Jacob — [1b].
T
348. Talerant (Telerant), Izia — [1b].
349. Talerant (Telerant), Niunka — [1b].
350. Talerant (Telerant), Sonia — [1b].
351. Tarbucin, Lejb — [1b].
352. Tarle, Mendl — [1b].
353. Tchuzoj (Czuzoi), Abracha — [1b].
354. Tchuzoj (Czuzoi), Isaac — [1b, 2].
355. Tejtelbaum, Genia — [1b].
356. Teper, Alta — [3].
357. Teper, Dovid — [3].
358. Teper, Lita — [†].
359. Tint, Zoia — [3]. Medical worker at the forest base.
360. Tkacz, Reuben — [1b].
361. Toker, Zalman — [1b].
362. Trebuchin, Zvi (Hirshke) — [†].
363. Treger, Zelda — [1b, 4].
364. Twerdin, Rachel — [1b].
V
365. Vilenchuk, Aron — [3].
366. Volbe, Haim — [3].
367. Volbe, Peisach — [3].
368. Volin, Haim — [3].
369. Voloshin (Klivatz), Sara — [11]. First-person account of the For Victory unit.
370. Volozhni (Wolozni), Fania — [1b].
371. Volozhni (Wolozni), Meir-Zalman — [1b].
W
372. Wajnsztejn, Lusia — [1b].
373. Wajnsztejn, Michal — [1b].
374. Warszawczyk, Fania — [1b].
375. Warszawczyk, Hirsh — [1b].
376. Warszawczyk, Lola — [1b].
377. Warszawczyk, Yecheil — [1b].
378. Warszawczyk-Taubes, Hasia (Chasia) — [1b].
379. Weiskop-Sabrin, Liuba — [1b].
380. Weiss, Israel — [1b].
381. Widucki, David — [1b].
382. Winiski, Toiba (Tania) — [1b memorial only]. Bart’s separate memorial block mentions this name; it does not by itself establish arrival at the base.
383. Wulc, Samekc — [1b].
Y
384. Yelin, Haim — [3, 8]. Visited the Rūdninkai base and returned to Kovno.
Z
385. Zacsztejn, Webek — [1b].
386. Zagajski, Henrik — [1b].
387. Zaiats, Leib — [3].
388. Zaidelson-Margolis, Liora — [1b].
389. Zaidelson (Zajdelson), Chaim — [1b].
390. Zajdel, Motke — [1b].
391. Zajdel, Shlomo — [1b].
392. Zak, Sima — [†].
393. Zalcberg, Liutek — [1b].
394. Zalmanowicz, Feifke — [1b].
395. Zalzberg (Zalcberg), Shulamit — [1b].
396. Zawelson, Cemach — [1b].
397. Zeleznikow, Abraham — [1b].
398. Zilber, Eliezer — [†].
399. Zimanas, Genrikas (Henoch; Jurgis) — [3].
400. Zimmerman, Rachel — [†].
401. Ziner, Micha — [1b].
402. Ziv-Ner (Azgud), Hanna — [1a].
403. Zodikov (Tsodikov), Leiser — [3, 4]. Born 1916, according to the Kovno account’s order; also recalled by Dov Levin.
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Bibliography
1. Michael Bart, “Jewish Partisans of Vilna Living in the Rudnicki Forest,” part 1 and part 2, companion pages to Until Our Last Breath. The main roster was used provisionally; its section on fallen partisans needs separate verification.
2. “Operations Diary of a Jewish Partisan Unit in Rudniki Forest, 1943–1944,” Moreshet Archives, D.1.4650, reproduced in Yitzhak Arad, Israel Gutman and Abraham Margaliot, eds., Documents on the Holocaust, pp. 463–471 in an edition cited in the literature; online transcript. Pagination may vary by edition.
3. Dmitrii Gelpern (Gelpernas), Partizaner fun Kaunaser geto (Moscow: Der Emes, 1948); online English adaptation, Kovno Ghetto Diary, especially pp. 86–138, 139–175 and 176 onward. The adaptation also draws on Meir Yelin and D. Gelpern, Kauno getas ir jo kovotojai (Vilnius: Mintis, 1969).
4. Dov Levin, With a Rifle in My Hand and Eretz Yisrael in My Heart, especially the chapters on the Kovno underground and arrival at the forest base. First-person account, online edition.
5. Association of Jews of Vilna and Vicinity in Israel, resistance biographies part א and part ב, with linked individual profiles. The collection covers other forests as well, so each connection to Rudniki needs checking.
6. Chaim Lazar archive, Jabotinsky Institute, P 136-5/1/2, item 11820, catalogue description. Scanned typescript of חורבן ומרד with a dedicated Rudniki list and biographical material. The catalogue was checked; the list scan was not inspected.
7. Yad Vashem, “Jewish Partisans in the Rudniki Forest” (Hebrew). General historical account; the page was identified but could not be inspected directly during the earlier research.
8. Yad Vashem, “Chaim Yelin”. Biographical PDF concerning his visit to the Rudniki base.
9. Dov Levin, “Jewish Partisans of Lithuania and Byelorussia,” Music and the Holocaust. Firsthand recollection of the Rudniki camp and its musical life.
10. Yehiel Granatstein and Moshe Kahanowich, eds., Lexicon Hagevura: Biographical Dictionary of Jewish Resistance: Jewish Partisans and Underground Fighters in Western Soviet Territory, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1965); Shalom Bronstein’s English name lists, Aleph–Yod and Kaf–Shin, with an editorial description. The lists supply printed page numbers; unusual spellings and conflicting dates should be checked against the original.
11. Association of Jews of Vilna and Vicinity in Israel, Sara Voloshin/Klivatz’s first-person account and Michael Gelbtrunk-Itzhaki’s biography.
12. Yad Vashem, Spots of Light: Women in the Holocaust, “Resistance and Rescue” exhibition panel. Its photograph caption identifies Rachel Rudnicki with the Rudniki partisan group at the liberation of Vilna in 1944.
13. Chaim Lazar, Destruction and Resistance: A History of the Partisan Movement in Vilna, translated and adapted by Galia Eden Barshop (New York: Shengold, in cooperation with the Museum of Combatants and Partisans in Israel, 1985); NYPL catalogue record. Hebrew original, חורבן ומרד (1951).
14. Yitzhak Arad, Ghetto in Flames: The Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna in the Holocaust (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1980); catalogue record.
15. Dov Levin, Fighting Back: Lithuanian Jewry’s Armed Resistance to the Nazis, 1941–1945 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985); publisher record.
16. Zvie A. Brown and Dov Levin, The Story of an Underground: The Fighting Organization of the Kovno Jews during World War II (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1962, Hebrew); English edition description.
17. Michael Bart with Laurel Corona, Until Our Last Breath: A Holocaust Story of Love and Partisan Resistance (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008); publisher page.
18. Rachel Margolis, A Partisan from Vilna, translated by F. Jackson Piotrow (Brighton, MA: Academic Studies Press, 2010); publisher page.
19. Isaac Kowalski, comp. and ed., Anthology on Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939–1945 (Brooklyn: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, volumes issued 1984–1991); catalogue record.
20. JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, Kovno/Kauen/Kaunas collection, including the navigation and translator’s preface for the Gelpern-derived online text.
21. JewishGen Yizkor Book Project, Vilna resistance material in Pinkas HaKehillot. Discussion of detachments and Soviet command.
22. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Jewish Partisans”. Contextual article and Rudniki photographs; individual captions require checking for identification.
23. Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation, survivor testimony collection. Interview and biographical leads.
24. Jabotinsky Institute, Zelda Treger (Nisanelowicz) Yiddish testimony catalogue. Catalogue lead; the testimony itself was not inspected.
25. Jabotinsky Institute, Partisan Dialogue testimonies, 1992, including Tzipora Kuperberg, Tula Krakowski and Shimon Lusky. Catalogue checked; scan not inspected.
26. Baruch Shub, Beyond the Leaden Clouds (1995), memoir description and excerpt; compare his 2015 Yiddish oral history interview at the Yiddish Book Center.
27. Yitskhok (Isaac) Kovalski, Di geheyme drukeray fun yidishn untergrund in lite un vaysrusland (New York, 1953); expanded English version, A Secret Press in Nazi-Europe: The Story of a Jewish United Partisan Organization (New York, 1969); bibliographic entry.
28. Shmerke Kaczerginski, Partizaner geyen! (Buenos Aires: Central Union of Polish Jews in Argentina, 1947); bibliographic description. A source for checking routes and names; his own presence at Rūdninkai was not established in the earlier research.
29. Israel Gutman, editor-in-chief, with Sara Bender and Shmuel Krakowski, volume editors, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust — Poland (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2004), vol. 1, pp. 517–518 (Milewski family; Efraim Plotnik and Riva Epstein), and vol. 2, p. 786 (Szewiel family; Joel and Nechama Milikowski); publisher record. Those pages are cited in later scholarship; the physical volumes were not inspected for this report.
30. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Chaim Yelin”. Institutional biography discussing his journey to the forest base and the Kovno route.
31. Jabotinsky Institute, Partisans Dialogue, 1989, catalogue item 14715. Transcript of a gathering with Chaim and Chaya Lazar, Tzipora and Yitzhak Kuperberg, Shimon Lusky and others; a lead for identity checks rather than a personnel roster.
32. Jabotinsky Institute, Museum of Combatants and Partisans, K 7 a – 13/8/5, item 14732. The catalogue describes another list of partisans who fought in the Rudnicki forests, alongside Elhanan Tarlent’s reminiscences and other material. Catalogue inspected; the scanned list was not compared.
33. Yad Vashem Archives, O.3/1292, item 3555783, Pesia (Zlotnik) Bernstein testimony, 1959; English translation and archival description prepared by Elizabeth Kessin Berman and Ellen Garshick. The full testimony was not compared line by line with the roster.
34. Israel Defense Forces History Department and Dado Center, Jewish Warfare in the Second World War (Hebrew), vol. 1, including its discussion of Rachel Pochter. The large PDF was located through an indexed passage, not fully inspected. It cites Rachel Pochter, “With the Partisans,” in Shaul Barkali, ed., Eishishok: Its History and Destruction (Jerusalem, 1950), pp. 70–75; the Hebrew title should be checked against a catalogue before formal citation.
35. European Holocaust Research Infrastructure, Yad Vashem testimony index, entries for Avraham Yudke Gaus and Devora Gaus concerning Panosiskes and Rudnicki partisans. Index snippets only; manuscript identifiers and identities remain to be checked.
36. Jabotinsky Institute, Avraham Keren Paz testimony, K 7 a – 3/77, item 163953. The catalogue mentions Jewish partisans in the Rudnicki forests; it is a source lead rather than an independently established roster entry.
37. Jabotinsky Institute, Paul Bagriansky writings, item 164071, and Michael Okonif articles, K 7 a – 3/4, item 13201. Catalogue descriptions identify forest-related recollections and names for future comparison; the texts were not inspected.